英语 小论文

怎样写议论文

一、议论文写作指导

1. 议论文概述

议论文亦称说理文，议论文就是讲道理、论是非。作者通过事实材料和逻辑推理来阐明自己的观点，表明赞成什么或反对什么。一篇完整的议论文必须含有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是作者对议论的问题所持的看法或主张。有的议论只有一个论点，叫中心论点；有的议论除中心论点外，还有几个从属的分论点。论据是作者用来证明论点的理由和根据。它可以是事例，也可以是理论，也可以是数据。论证是用论据证明论点的推理过程和方法。

论点必须正确、鲜明；论据必须确凿、典型、恰当，有说服力，必须与论点之间有本质的、必然的联系。

2. 议论文写作技巧

议论文的论证方法有归纳法、演绎法、对照法等。归纳法就是通过一些个别事例，归纳它们的共同属性，综合它们的共同本质，得出一个带有普遍性的结论。归纳法又叫例证法，即以事实为依据，证明自己观点的正确性。演绎法就是引用一些经典著作的原话，或用公认的、众所周知的科学原理和道理推断出一个新论点。演绎法又叫引证法，即以理论为依据，证明自己观点的正确性。对照法是把两种相似的事物放在一起加以比较，从而得出与之有关的结论。

议论文所用的时态较广。被动语态和虚拟语气也较常运用。

从实际生活中列举事实或数据，并根据它们得出自己合乎逻辑的观点和结论。但必须注意在结论时留有余地，切忌言过其实。

议论文大多采用三段式的结构——引言、正文和结论。除了三段式的结构外，还须注意以下内容：

A. 作者的意见、看法与事实，或根据性质分类，或根据重要性列举，或依照数目的大小安排；

B. 根据时间先后，或依照紧急性的程度，排列行动次序；

C. 按照先近后远的顺序，依次发表论点或反驳论点。

总之，文章的结构必须层次分明，条理清晰，具体形式可视内容变通。

议论文应用与读者平等交流的语气，态度应诚恳友善。言词猛烈和声嘶力竭决非是成功的议论文。反之，晓之以理，而又动之以情才是成功的关键。尽管对于初学写作的人来说，要做到这一点不很容易，但我们应朝这个方向去努力。

尽量避免逻辑上的错误。在议论文的写作中，下列错误并不鲜见：

A. 把假定当做结论；

B．把部分情况概括成全部；

C．将复杂的问题简单化——“非此即彼”和”非黑即白”的错误，在推断时应考虑多种可能及选择，是避免这种错误发生的良方；

D．因果关系的谬误。如，A boss believes that an employee does poor work because he is lazy．

这句话就打击了一大片。事实上，身体原因、技术原因都可能影响工作；

E．兴之所至信手写作，使得议论文不对题，不着边际。

议论文是较高层次的写作，在初中阶段目前虽尚没有明确的要求，但未雨绸缪，先了解一个大概，对今后的学习是大有裨益的。

二、议论文佳作欣赏

【范例1】

请以“Friends”为题写一篇120词左右的议论文，内容要点如下：

（1）交友的重要和好处。

（2）广交朋友，珍重友情。

（3）择友要慎重，良友给我们以很好的影响，反之则会把我们引入歧途。

参考范文

Friends

Friends are very important to us. A person can not live alone in this world. Whether we are children or adults, we all need friends because friends can help us solve our problems, offer us friendship and encourage us to take part in various social actactivities.

A person has to make as many friends as he can. The more friends he has, the happier he will be. When we make friends, we shall realize fully the influence our friends can have on us in our daily life. Besides, we must keep in mind that real friendship is not easily won.

We should be careful of *** friends. Good friends will help us to be good while bad friends will tempt（诱惑） us to do the opposite. Therefore, we should make friends with those who are honest, modest and dependable.

【范例2】

请以“Health and Sports”为题完成一篇短文。

要求：（1） 围绕主题句适当展开；

（2）文章中必须用到所提供的词组；

（3）完成的文字部分字数在100字左右。

拟用句型：（1）...help sb. to do sth.

（2） how +busy/hard...+主语+动词！

拟用词组：（1）make one's mind

（2） the circulation of the blood（血液循环）

参考范文

Health and Sports

Good health is very important to everyone. A healthy person can always be energetic and enjoy his life. Poor in health, a person cannot achieve much success even though he is well educated.

Sports help everyone to keep healthy. Physical exercise can increase the circulation of blood and develop our muscles. We all know that the best medicine for losing weight is to take exercise. Sports can also make our minds sound. While playing we take our minds off work or study, and thus our minds get relaxed.

Since sports can make us healthy both in body and in mind, we should go in for sports every day no matter how busy we are. Do remember this: Good health is the best wealth.

【范例3】

学校里有个别学生抽烟，有人说抽烟是件乐事。请就此以Please Give Up Smoking为题写一篇100—120词的文章。

提示：（1） 抽烟导致多种疾病；

（2） 抽烟导致犯罪；

（3） 抽烟影响学习。

参考范文

Please Give Up Smoking

Now we often see some students smoke in school. They think smoking is a pleasure. How silly they are!

Reports show every year several millions of people die of smoking all over the world. Smoking now is the source of a lot of illnesses.

Smoking is also the way leading the youth from bad to worse. In order to get money for smoking, some students take away the money from their parents' wallets. Some of them even steal money from others.

As we know, the smokers can not go on with their work without cigarettes. What's more, the more they smoke, the more the cigarettes do harm to them.

Smoking is our dangerous enemy. Please give up smoking as soon as possible.

【范例4】

以“Making Children Healthier and Happier”为题，至少写八句话，要求意思明确，内容连贯，无语法错误，方框中的词语供选用。

much homework, no any time, rest well, problem, ready to do, try to do, help, become